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Coupled Ocean Atmospheric Mesoscale Prediction System- ( COAMPS ) The Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) has been developed by the Marine Meteorology Division (MMD) of the Navel Research Laboratory (NRL) used operationally by the U.S. Navy for short-term Numerical weather prediction for various regions around the world.The atmospheric portion of COAMPS represents a complete three-dimensional data assimilation system comprised of data quality control, analysis, initialization, and forecast model components.Features include a globally re-located grid, user-defined grid resolutions and dimensions, nested grids, an option for idealized or real-time simulations, and code that allows for portability between mainframes and workstations. The non-hydrostatic atmospheric model includes predictive equations for the momentum, the non-dimensional pressure perturbation, the potential temperature, the turbulent kinetic energy, and the mixing ratios of water vapor, clouds, rain, ice, and snow, and contains advanced parameterizations for boundary layer processes, precipitation, and radiation.

Composite Reflection Coefficient- The composite reflection coefficient is a weighted mean of the reflection coefficients of the two parallel pathways that each contributes according to their individual conductance.

Constant Inflow Gradient Outflow Conditions- With this procedure air entering the model is assumed to be unaffected by the downstream mesoscale perturbation to the flow, so that the dependent variables remain unchanged at inflow boundaries.

Coriolis Parameter- Twice the component of the earth's angular velocity about the local vertical, 2hsinx, where h is the angular speed of the earth and x is the latitude. Since the earth is in rigid rotation, the Coriolis parameter is equal to the component of the earth's vorticity about the local vertical. If the Coriolis parameter is denoted by f and the speed of a horizontally moving fluid parcel by V, then fV is the magnitude of the horizontal Coriolis force per unit mass on the parcel.

Cumulus Field Models- With this approach, three dimensional cumulus field model simulations or sets of observations are evaluated to determine the temporal and spatial response of cumulus clouds to a particular set of mesoscale dependent variables, as well as their subsequent feedback to the mesoscale.